GEOLOGI DAN DONGENGKU

Dalam mempelajari ilmu Stratigrafi diperluhkan pemahan Hukum-Hukum dalam Stratigrafi untuk memudahkan seorang Geologist dalam mempelajari suatu singkapan yang mereka hitung. Jika tidak mengetahui hukum-hukum dalam Stratigrafi, tentunya sangat lah sulit seorang geologi untuk mencari, lingkungan pengendapan, Umur lapisan, Lapisan tertua dalam singkapan dan masih banyak lagi, Hukum-hukum dalam ilmu Stratigrafi Sebagai berikut: 1.        Uniformitarianisme (James Hutto, 1785) 2.        Hukum Superposisi(Nicholas Steno, 1669) 3.        Hukum Keaslian Horisontalitas (Nicholas Steno, 1669) 4.        Hukum Penerobosan (A.W.R Potter & H. Robinsen) 5.        Hukum Faunal Succesion( Abbie Giraud-Soulavie, 1778) 6.        Hukum Inklusi 7.        Strata Identified by Foss...

     Minerals composed of Halogen groups, or (F, Na, Cl, Br, I) all halogen elements are anions or negatively charged. In general mineral halides have soft physical characteristics, good hemispheres, often bright colors. The following periodic table describes the position of halogen ions. In the periodic table the halogen element is often called VIIA

             Carbonate or also often written in chemical composition  (CO­­ 3 ) 2- , is an anionic compound found in nature. Combined element C or carbon with Element O oxygen. Rock carbon is defined as rock with more than 50% carbonate material which is composed of cemented clastic carbonate particles or crystalline carbonate from direct precipitation (Reijers, 1987). Jackson defines carbonate rocks as rocks whose main component is carbonate minerals with an overall weight of more than 50%. The carbon content in continental plates is very little.                                         A special feature of carbonate minerals is that, if HCl is dropped, it releases CO2 so bubbles or foaming occur.       The process of formation is the most through the sedimentation process that occurs on the surface, and the ...

       Minerals which have a composition of  SO 4 ­­ 2-   a mineral sulfate. Sulfate is included in 7 groups of minerals, because sulfate is anionic, or more than 1 element that joins and has a negative charge. The elements that make up the sulfate content are Sulfur and Oxygen when seen through the periodic table as follows.                                Sulfate and oxygen are anions, so there is no doubt that when they combine they will make anionic.              The earth's crust is certainly composed of rocks, but rocks are also composed of minerals, a term that is often heard is "Rock Forming Minerals". The rocks that make up the earth's crust contain very little sulfate compared to other minerals. Sulphate ranks 15th in terms of its spread on continental plates. The first sequence is dominated by oxygen. The percentage o...

         Oxide and hydroxide Minerals are a mineral formed from a combination of certain elements with anionic oxide (O2-) and hydroxyl hydroxide (OH-) groups. The reason I wrote Oxides and hydroxides in the Guide to Rock and Minerals book written by Simon, in the book said Okside is always accompanied by Hydroxides for example as shown below. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth's crust. Next illustrated oxygen is the most element in the earth's crust.                                                n the chemical elements the oxidant and hydroxide minerals have differences, although not significant. Hydroxide consists of H 2 O , because it still contains oxygen, many authors combine the types of hydroxide minerals with oxide minerals. Mineral Oxides only consist of O. For more details, please see below:   ...

          Sulfide minerals are direct suppression of elements of sulfur with certain elements, most of which bind to elements of sulfur are iron elements such as iron, silver, copper, lead and mercury, and are valuable ore for iron. Sulfide minerals in the form of sulfur bonds with metals, because containing sulfide mineral sulfur is found in the area of volcanoes which have high sulfur content. The main element of the metal will be contaminated with sulfur. The chemical formula of Sulfur is S.       Actually there are 3 formation of sulfide minerals, namely Sediment, Malihan, and Hydrothermal. The formation of Sulfide minerals with Hydrothermal characteristics is influenced by water. Crystallizing the mineral is a little fast because the cooling is aided by water. The hydrothermal process has great potential containing large metal elements. Hydrothermal activities produce mineralized and mineralized rocks containing sulfide minerals in seve...

                 Silica is an anionic or 2 elements which combine into one and form a negatively charged compound. Silica compounds have the chemical formula SiO, which consists of Silicon and Oxygen. Silica is the main constituent of the Earth's crust (Holmes, 1964). Almost 100% can be ascertained that the earth's crust is composed of silica minerals (up to a depth of 2900 Km from the earth's crust). Silicon is also number 2 abundant element on earth, here I give a picture of the most elemental sequence on earth. From that graph it is very clear that the 2nd most silica on this earth. Magma took the most important part in silica minerals, why? Almost all silica rocks are formed by magma or magmatism in general Continent plates and oceanic plates all contain magma, but continental plates give more contribution to the formation of silica, because oceanic plates turn into magma and then the magma comes out to the surface of the eart...

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